Mathematical Methods for Spatially Cohesive Reserve Design

The problem of designing spatially cohesive nature reserve systems that meet biodiversity objectives is formulated as a nonlinear integer programming problem. The multiobjective function minimises a combination of boundary length, area and failed representation of the biological attributes we are trying to conserve. The task is to reserve a subset of sites that best meet this objective. We use data on the distribution of habitats in the Northern Territory, Australia, to show how simulated annealing and a greedy heuristic algorithm can be used to generate good solutions to such large reserve design problems, and to compare the effectiveness of these methods.     

Background monitoring and long-range transport of atmospheric CFC-11 and CFC-12 at Kosan, Korea

The background concentrations of atmospheric CFC-11 and CFC-12were monitored to assess their impact on stratospheric ozone depletion and global warming from September 1995 to March 1999 at Kosan, Korea, located at eastern margin of the Asian Continent. The concentrations of atmospheric CFC-11 at Kosan have decreased slightly, at a rate of –2.5 pptv yr^-1, over the period in response to the Montreal Protocol. The CFC-12 mixing ratio at Kosan continues to increase in the atmosphere at a rate of 5.7 pptv yr^-1 despite international regulations, because of its extreme atmosphere persistence. Recent trends ofthese two chlorofluorocarbons at Kosan, Korea were concordant with those of the northern hemispheric background monitored unitat Mauna Loa, Hawaii. The maximum seasonal mean mixing ratios of CFC-11 and CFC-12 at Kosan, Korea, were 270±4 pptv inthe spring and 538±9 pptv in the winter, and the corresponding seasonal minima were 267±7 and 529±12 pptv. This occurred in the summer and was due to southeasterlywinds from the northwestern Pacific Ocean. By performing a three-day isentropic backward trajectory analysis, it was shownthat air masses at Kosan, and with the exception of summer, mainly originated from central and northern China. In particular, the mixing ratios of these two contaminant speciesare closely related with their air mass trajectories.     

银川地区大气颗粒物输送路径及潜在源区分析

利用Traj Stat软件和全球资料同化系统数据,计算了2014—2016年银川市逐日72 h气流后向轨迹,并采用聚类分析方法,结合银川市同期PM~(10)和PM~(2.5)质量浓度数据,分析了银川年及四季气流轨迹特征及其对银川颗粒物浓度的影响.同时,运用潜在源贡献因子分析法(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹分析法(CWT),探讨了影响银川颗粒物质量浓度的潜在源区及不同源区对银川颗粒物质量浓度的贡献.结果表明,输送距离最长、高度最高、移速最快的西北气流轨迹占总轨迹的比例最高,达66.7%,且气团移动速度和高度与轨迹距离呈正比;输送高度较低、距离最短、移速最慢的北方气流轨迹占总轨迹数的24.3%;东南气团占总轨迹数的9%,输送距离和移速介于前两者之间,但输送高度较西北气流和北方气流低.四季各类气流轨迹变化特征与年变化特征基本一致,春、秋、冬三季,中、短距离西北气流占气流轨迹总数的比例最高,夏季东南气流占比最高,且夏季南方气流和北方气流占比较春、秋两季高,冬季未出现南方气流和北方气流,春季和冬季气流轨迹输送距离普遍比夏季和秋季长;春、夏、秋三季,偏南气流的输送高度均最低,四季长距离西北气流的输送高度均最高.年及四季都表现为西北气流轨迹对应的银川PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)平均浓度均较高,是影响银川颗粒物质量浓度的最重要输送路径,其次是东南气流轨迹,北方气流轨迹对银川颗粒物浓度影响较小.PSCF和CWT分析发现,位于新疆、甘肃、蒙古国、内蒙古、青海的西北源区及四川、陕西的东南源区是影响银川PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度的两个主要潜在源区,各季节区域范围有所差异.     

Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5 between heavily polluted days and other days in Zhengzhou, China

PM_(2.5) samples were collected in Zhengzhou during 3 years of observation, and chemical characteristics and source contribution were analyzed. Approximately 96% of the daily PM_(2.5) concentrations and annual average values exceeded the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Daily and Annual Standards, indicating serious PM_(2.5) pollution. The average concentration of water-soluble inorganic ions was 2.4 times higher in heavily polluted days(daily PM32.5 concentrations 250 μg/mand visibility 3 km) than that in other days, with sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium as major ions. According to the ratio of NO-3/SO2-4,stationary sources are still the dominant source of PM_(2.5) and vehicle emission could not be ignored. The ratio of secondary organic carbon to organic carbon indicated that photochemical reactivity in heavily polluted days was more intense than in other days.Crustal elements were the most abundant elements, accounting for more than 60% of 23 elements. Chemical Mass Balance results indicated that the contributions of major sources(i.e., nitrate, sulfate, biomass, carbon and refractory material, coal combustion, soil dust,vehicle, and industry) of PM_(2.5) were 13%, 16%, 12%, 2%, 14%, 8%, 7%, and 8% in heavily polluted days and 20%, 18%, 9%, 2%, 27%, 14%, 15%, and 9% in other days, respectively.Extensive combustion activities were the main sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the episode(Jan 1-9, 2015) and the total benzo[a]pyrene equivalency concentrations in heavily polluted days present significant health threat. Because of the effect of regional transport, the pollution level of PM_(2.5) in the study area was aggravated.     

成都地区秋冬季污染天气形势下PM2.5的扩散与输送

基于ERA-Interim再分析资料、大气污染资料以及气象资料,利用T-mode主成分分析法（PCT）将成都地区2016~2018年PM_2.5污染严重的1、2、11、12月份的海平面气压场和10m风场分成8种天气类型,分析不同天气类型下的空气污染状况及污染气象参数特征,进而从污染气象学的角度揭示重污染天气类型下的气象特征和潜在污染来源,结果表明：①成都地区在高压后部型、低前高后型、鞍型场、北方高压底部型中PM_2.5污染会加重,属于污染型天气类型,而在西路冷锋前部型、高压边缘型、西北高压底部型、东路冷锋前部型中,PM_2.5污染显著减弱,属于清洁型天气类型.②在污染型天气类型下,成都地区出现的逆温层较强,混合层高度较低均不利于PM_2.5的扩散稀释,且边界层内南风分量明显增大,东北风减弱,边界层通风量（VI）较小,风场对污染物的扩散能力也较弱.③对污染天气类型下成都的PM_2.5污染输送与潜在来源进行研究,认为成都南部及西南部地区在各个污染天气类型下都对其PM_2.5的质量浓度有明显的影响,另外在鞍型场天气类型下,成都东部及东北部地区也是成都PM_2.5污染的源区之一,而在北方高压底部型中,成都地区的PM_2.5主要受到其周围地区的影响,外地的污染物输入较少.     

北京、石家庄2017—2018年PM2.5与SNA组分特征及典型重污染分析

基于北京、石家庄2017、2018年的1月和7月PM_2.5样品采集,研究两地采暖期、非采暖期及典型重污染过程的PM_2.5、SNA污染特征及二次转化特征.应用TrajStat模型,结合浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）,分析两地PM_2.5气流输送路径以及潜在源区.利用WRF-CAMx模式定量分析两地重污染月份（2017年1月）PM_2.5、硫酸盐及硝酸盐的区域传输贡献.结果表明, 2017年1月北京和石家庄均存在重污染过程,两年1月石家庄市PM_2.5浓度均高于北京; SNA占PM_2.5所有组分的34.11%~51.68%,对PM_2.5浓度有重要贡献,其中北京NO₃^-浓度最高,石家庄SO₄^2-浓度最高, SO₄^2-/NO₃^-夏季高于冬季;北京SOR高于石家庄,石家庄NOR高于北京,重污染期间两城市硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐质量浓度、SOR与NOR明显升高;两地冬季气流主要受俄罗斯、蒙古、内蒙戈壁等地区的西北方向远距离输送影响,另外北京两年冬季均存在西南传输通道,石家庄重污染期间受冀南和鲁西北重工业城市群潜在贡献较高,两市夏季受东南季风影响,污染轨迹多来自渤海湾和山东等地区; 2017年1月,北京、石家庄PM_2.5受周边区域传输贡献分别为33.80%、22.54%,其中河北南部分别贡献14.86%, 17.21%,二次离子中NO₃^-的传输作用比SO₄^2-更加突出.从PM_2.5本地源来看,北京主要来源为移动源和扬尘源,分别占比43.30%、20.10%,石家庄为工业、燃煤和扬尘,分别占比26.40%、24.82%、22.50%.     

苏州市大气中汞的形态分布特征及来源分析

针对苏州市大气中汞的分布特征和污染来源,自2018年1月1日至2018年12月31日对苏州市大气中的气态元素汞(GEM)、气态氧化汞(GOM)和颗粒态汞(PBM)进行1 a的连续监测,并基于浓度权重轨迹分析法(CWT)和浓度玫瑰图法,研究2018年大气汞来源和浓度变化规律.结果表明,监测期间苏州市大气中GEM、GOM和PBM浓度分别在0～53.3 ng·m~(-3)、 0～256 pg·m~(-3)和0～5 208 pg·m~(-3),年均浓度分别为(2.57±2.09)ng·m~(-3)、(5.27±15.7)pg·m~(-3)和(16.0±157)pg·m~(-3).其中,GEM是苏州市大气汞的主要成分,约占99.2%.监测期间,苏州市大气中GEM季节平均浓度表现出冬季(3.17 ng·m~(-3))春季(3.09 ng·m~(-3))秋季(2.30 ng·m~(-3))夏季(1.98 ng·m~(-3))的规律.根据CWT分析结果,苏州大气中汞迁移具有季节性差异:春季和冬季的含汞气团主要来自于内陆,夏季主要来自于苏州本地、黄海和东海,秋季的含汞气团来自于内陆、黄海和渤海.同时研究发现西北方向来自内陆的大气汞浓度较高,东方向来自海洋的大气汞浓度较低.苏州市大气中GEM和PBM平均浓度表现为昼间低夜间高,与大气参数进行相关性拟合,得出大气中GEM日变化规律与太阳总辐射亦呈显著的相关性(r=-0.664,P0.001),与湿度呈显著的相关性(r=0.859,P0.001),与气温呈显著的相关性(r=-0.866,P0.001); PBM与太阳总辐射呈一般相关性(r=-0.554,P0.01),与湿度呈显著的相关性(r=0.835,P0.001),与气温呈显著的相关性(r=-0.831,P0.001).苏州市大气中GOM平均浓度在1 d内出现多次峰值(05:00、 12:00、 18:00和23:00)和谷值(02:00、 10:00、 15:00和19:00).GOM浓度升高与早晚高峰燃料油燃烧排放正相关,亦与O_3浓度升高导致GEM氧化生成GOM正相关.     

南京北郊黑碳气溶胶分布特征及来源

黑碳（black carbon,BC）是含碳物质燃烧排放所产生的大气颗粒物（particulate matter,PM）中一种重要组分,其对辐射效应表现为对太阳辐射的吸收和散射,影响着地气系统的能量交换.本研究于2019年1~5月在南京北郊利用黑碳仪AE33（aethalometer,magee）测量了黑碳气溶胶浓度数据,对其日夜变化和季节变化进行分析,并筛选出污染天与清洁天,对其特征和来源进行分析.结果显示采样期间黑炭气溶胶的平均浓度为（3.8±2.3）μg ·m^-3,冬季浓度为春季的1.3倍.BC浓度呈现明显的日变化,BC高值出现在日间交通高峰时间段,受到交通排放的影响较大.Ångström指数α冬春整体差异不大,春季为1.32冬季为1.30,此结果也指出BC排放源以机动车排放为主.此外,针对采样期间污染天与清洁天的BC来源特征进行分析,发现污染天机动车排放源占比为68%~87%,清洁天为72%~86%,清洁天来源小幅波动但均以机动车排放源为主,污染天相对而言存在一定的机动车源减少生物质和煤炭燃烧源增加的情况,取决于污染时段的排放情况,利用BC/CO（0.005）进一步验证了上述源解析结果.通过PSCF和CWT分析可以得到南京北郊大气BC颗粒物以本地来源为主,但冬季可能存在来自东南地区的机动车排放来源,春季可能存在来自西南地区的生物质及煤炭燃烧来源.总体看来南京北郊黑碳气溶胶分布以冬高春低,并存在明显日夜变化,主要来源为本地的机动车排放为主.     

Aerosol characteristics and surface radiative forcing components during a dust outbreak in Gwangju, Republic of Korea

Atmospheric surface aerosol radiative forcing (SARF) ΔF, forcing efficiency ΔF_e and fractional forcing efficiency ΔFF_e evaluated from cloud-screened narrowband spectral and thermal-offset-corrected radiometric observations during the Asia dust outbreak episodes in Gwangju, Republic of Korea are reported in this study. Columnar aerosol optical properties (aerosol optical depth (AOD), τ _aλ, Angstrom exponent α, mass concentration of fine and coarse mode particles) were also reported for the station between January 2000 and May 2001 consisting of 211cloud-free days. Results indicate that majority of the AOD were within the range 0.25–0.45 while some high aerosol events in which AODs ≥ 0.6 were observed during the severe dust episodes. For example, AOD increases from annual average value of 0.34 ± 0.13 at 501 nm to values >0.60 during the major dust events of March 27–30 and April 7–9, 2000, respectively. The α _{501–870 nm} which is often used as a qualitative indicator of aerosol particle size had values ranging from 0.01 to 1.77. The diurnal forcing efficiency ΔDF_e at Gwangju was estimated to be −81.10 ± 5.14 W m ⁻²/τ _{501 nm} and −47.09 ± 2.20 W m ⁻²/τ _{501 nm} for the total solar broadband and visible band pass, respectively while the fractional diurnal forcing efficiency ΔFDF_e were −15.8 ± 0.64%/τ _{501 nm} and −22.87 ± 1.13%/τ _{501 nm} for the same band passes. Analyses of the 5-day air-mass back trajectories were further developed for Gwangju in order to classify the air-mass and types of aerosol reaching the site during the Asia dust episodes.     

内蒙古呼伦贝尔市草原火灾危害度评价及预测

以呼伦贝尔市1994-2005年的草原火灾为研究对象,基于灰色关联度法、系统聚类分析法,引用草原火灾危害度指数(HI),对每年草原火灾危害度进行评价,并借助灰色灾变预测法对危害度大的年份进行预测,预测到未来2个危害度大的年份是2014、2026年。